Berne introduced the idea of strokes into Transactional Analysis based upon the work of Rene Spitz, a researcher who did pioneering work in the area of child development. Spitz observed that infants deprived of cuddling, touching and handling (in other words, not receiving any physical strokes) were more likely to experience emotional and ...Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Transactional Analysis. Some of the worksheets displayed are P parent a adult c child, Transactional analysis by gerald corey, A summary of transactional analysis concepts i use, Transactional analysis, Teaching suggestions, The new drama triangles, Treatment of anxiety within a transactional analysis framework, Ta games. Mar 7, 2013 · Chapter 4: Hitting the Targets: Setting Goals and Examining Meanings. Chapter 5: Keeping it Real: Understanding Anger and Strategies to Help. Chapter 6: Lights, Action, Drama! Understanding Unhelpful Roles and Identities. Chapter 7: Fast Forward: Raising Aspirations and Creating a Future. Chapter 8: Step over Here: Developing an Understanding ... Transactional Model of Communication . 2 Transactional Model of Communication . The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place. ~ George Bernard Shaw . Introduction . This report presents a model for understanding the core communication process, and elaborates on mechanisms to strengthen it.The Parent-Adult-Child model: the basics. Based on his observations of people in his own clinical practice in the nineteen fifties, the psychologist Eric Berne developed the idea that people can switch between different states of mind—sometimes in the same conversation and certainly in different parts of their lives, for example at work and ...Sep 26, 2018 · In this vlog I illustrate some of the basics behind Transactional Analysis (TA). I do this by applying by TA to a situation in a couple's therapy session. No... Transactional Analysis (TA) refers to the theory of psychoanalysis and therapy in which social transactions are analysed to determine the ego state of the communicator (be it a parent, child, or adult) and create an understanding of behaviour. A transactional analyst teaches the communicator to alter the ego state to solve emotional problems. Aug 7, 2023 · Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s. Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people. During a conversation with someone, the person starting the communication will give the ‘transaction stimulus,’ and then the person receiving this stimulus ... Transactional Analysis. Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Transactional Analysis. Some of the worksheets displayed are P parent a adult c child, Transactional analysis by gerald corey, A summary of transactional analysis concepts i use, Transactional analysis, Teaching suggestions, The new drama triangles, Treatment of anxiety within a ...The “Drivers Tool”. A “Driver” is an important concept in Transactional Analysis. It was created by the American psychologist Taibi Kahler and is now used worldwide. By identifying and overcoming Drivers people can significantly improve their wellbeing as well as their effectiveness, creativity, communication and relationships. Berne introduced the idea of strokes into Transactional Analysis based upon the work of Rene Spitz, a researcher who did pioneering work in the area of child development. Spitz observed that infants deprived of cuddling, touching and handling (in other words, not receiving any physical strokes) were more likely to experience emotional and ... Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s. Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people. During a conversation with someone, the person starting the communication will give the ‘transaction stimulus,’ and then the person receiving this stimulus ...During the 1950s, psychiatrist Eric Berne developed the transactional analysis method to examine this communication process between people, taking feelings, thoughts, and behaviors into account ...Keep to these simple instructions to get Transactional Analysis Worksheet Pdf prepared for submitting: Get the document you need in our collection of templates. Open the form in our online editing tool. Read the instructions to learn which info you will need to give. Click on the fillable fields and include the necessary details. A. Self-portrayal of the candidate and his or her work as a transactional analyst. B. A report on the learning experience and personal development gained during TA training. C. The client case or project study. D. Theory and literature. The candidate is required to answer six questions on TA theo-ry and practice.Transactional Analysis (TA). Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the Module 9 - Drama Triangle 8. A colleague always seems to know best. A You ask him what he wants to achieve with his behavior. B You disagree and prove him wrong in every detail.Behind each and every transaction…show more content…. This could be considered that the events are imposed towards the child. Examples of these recordings are: • Say “please” or “thank you”. • Don’t talk when your mouth is full. • Don’t play with matches. 1. Structural Analysis – study of ego states 2. Transactions – Interactions between people 3. Life positions – Self confidence and confidence in others 4. Strokes – recognition of another‟s presence 5. Stamps – the study of collection of feelings 6. Time structuring – ways of spending time 7. Script analysis – study of life plan. The Parent-Adult-Child model: the basics. Based on his observations of people in his own clinical practice in the nineteen fifties, the psychologist Eric Berne developed the idea that people can switch between different states of mind—sometimes in the same conversation and certainly in different parts of their lives, for example at work and ... Options (.pdf) Three Important New Articles Published in the IJTARP.ORG, Summer 2019: The Creative Brainstorming System of Eric Berne (.pdf) Script Drama Analysis II (.pdf) Discount of Person, Meaning, and Motive (.pdf) Major TA Articles on Relationships: Five Trust Contracts for Couples (.pdf) H. MELTS and the Six Fightmakers(.pdf)TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE There is no time limit to this questionnaire. It will probably take around ten minutes to complete. The more spontaneous and honest you can be, the more accurate the results probably will be. If you agree more than you disagree with a statement, mark a plus (+) in the box.Transactional analysis was developed by Eric Berne, a Canadian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, during the 1960s. Berne referred to the basic unit of social interaction as a transaction. TA refers to the study of how individuals interact in social situations. Berne was influenced by empiricism, phenomenology, existentialism, and humanism. 3.Feb 27, 2022 · Transactional analysis was developed by Eric Berne, a Canadian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, during the 1960s. Berne referred to the basic unit of social interaction as a transaction. TA refers to the study of how individuals interact in social situations. Berne was influenced by empiricism, phenomenology, existentialism, and humanism. 3. Sep 26, 2018 · In this vlog I illustrate some of the basics behind Transactional Analysis (TA). I do this by applying by TA to a situation in a couple's therapy session. No... Abstract. The Winner's Triangle, a useful and easily taught antithesis to the Karpman Drama Triangle (Karpman, 1968), eliminates the discounts inherent in the three roles of the Drama Triangle and replaces each with a specific skill for game-free relating. This article details features of the roles of both triangles and provides suggestions for ...Transactional analysis (TA) is a widely recognised form of modern psychology, and one of the most accessible theories of psychology at that. In simple terms, TA is designed to promote personal growth and change. It is considered a fundamental therapy for well-being and for helping individuals to reach their full potential in all aspects of life. Module 9 - Drama Triangle 8. A colleague always seems to know best. A You ask him what he wants to achieve with his behavior. B You disagree and prove him wrong in every detail.Life Positions. The scripts we form in our childhood then lead us to adopt one of four positions: I’m OK – You’re OK. I’m OK – You’re Not OK. I’m not OK – You’re OK. I’m not OK – You’re not OK. The first position, I’m OK – You’re OK, tends to be the healthiest because people have a secure sense of self, display ...An ego state is a way in which we think, feel and behave, making up our personality at a given time. These states are thinking and feeling as a: Parent. Adult. Child. One of the most prominent aspects of the personality theory of Transactional Analysis (Berne, 1961) is the ego state concept. Eric Berne suggested that an ‘ego state’ (1961, p ... Transactional Analysis (or TA as it is often called) is a model of people and relationships that was developed during the 1960s by Dr. Eric Berne. It is based on two notions, first that we have three parts or 'ego-states' to our 'personality, and secondly that these converse with one another in 'transactions' (hence the name). Limitations and Criticisms of Transactional Analysis . EXPERIENTIAL EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES FOR TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS . Exercises for Personal Reflection and for Small Groups . Questions for Reflection and Discussion . WHERE TO GO FROM HERE . RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS . REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS . A CASE ILLUSTRATION: A ...Chapter 4: Hitting the Targets: Setting Goals and Examining Meanings. Chapter 5: Keeping it Real: Understanding Anger and Strategies to Help. Chapter 6: Lights, Action, Drama! Understanding Unhelpful Roles and Identities. Chapter 7: Fast Forward: Raising Aspirations and Creating a Future. Chapter 8: Step over Here: Developing an Understanding ...Ego states are one of the most useful tools I use in psychotherapy. My clients find this information and the tools learned from this invaluable. Not only can...The personality for Transactional Analysis, for Berne, is based on the recognition of three quite different ego states, called specifically the Parent, Adult and Child. An ego state for Berne is: ‘a system of feelings accompanied by related set of behaviour patterns.’. For example, spontaneous feelings, compliance and rebellion are all ...The 50th Annual International Transactional Analysis Association Conference celebrating the 100th anniversary of Eric Berne's birth was held in his birthplace of Montreal, Canada, August 11-14, 2010. My presentation below on Thursday morning August 12 was titled Eric Berne’s Brainstorming “202” Seminars And The World Peace Triangles.Transactional Analysis Theory: the Basics Carol Solomon, Ph.D. Abstract This article is written to acquaint readers with basic transactional analysis theory and to provide a beginning understanding about how these concepts can be used in real life. 1. Identify the accounts involved. The first step is to determine which accounts are affected by the transaction. For example, if a business owner invests $10,000 in cash into the business in exchange for common stock, the accounts involved would be the cash account and the common stock account. 2.Transactional Analysis Stroke Profile Positive Strokes How often do you: Give positive strokes to others? Refuse to give the positive strokes others expect from you? Accept positive strokes? Ask others for positive strokes? Usually Always Frequently Often Rarely Almost Never Negative Strokes How often do you:About transactional analysis worksheet pdf This is a student worksheet for an introduction to transaction analysis. It includes multiple-choice questions and problem-solving exercises related to assets, liabilities, and owner's equity. Transactional Analysis Case Study Pdf, Clasification Essays, Parabola Basics Homework, Essay About Profit Maximisation, Popular Masters Course Work, Ccot Essay Middle East, We work only with the best writers who have degrees and knowledge in everything related to your dissertation. We only hire writers who are in the top 1% of their class.TA Transactional Analysis Stroke Profile Worksheet - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Open navigation menuThis article (Part III), is an outline of two more of the key concepts in Transactional Analysis – Life Positions and Life Scripts. According to Eric Berne, decisions about ourselves, our world and our relationships with others are crystallized during our first 5 years of life. These decisions are based on the encouraging or disparaging ...Limitations and Criticisms of Transactional Analysis . EXPERIENTIAL EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES FOR TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS . Exercises for Personal Reflection and for Small Groups . Questions for Reflection and Discussion . WHERE TO GO FROM HERE . RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS . REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS . A CASE ILLUSTRATION: A ...Mar 7, 2013 · Chapter 4: Hitting the Targets: Setting Goals and Examining Meanings. Chapter 5: Keeping it Real: Understanding Anger and Strategies to Help. Chapter 6: Lights, Action, Drama! Understanding Unhelpful Roles and Identities. Chapter 7: Fast Forward: Raising Aspirations and Creating a Future. Chapter 8: Step over Here: Developing an Understanding ... The major proponent of Transaction Analysis, Eric Berne, was born on May 10, 1910 in Montreal Canada as Eric Leonard Bernstein, he son of Dr David Bernestein a general practitioner. His only ...A. Self-portrayal of the candidate and his or her work as a transactional analyst. B. A report on the learning experience and personal development gained during TA training. C. The client case or project study. D. Theory and literature. The candidate is required to answer six questions on TA theo-ry and practice.transactional-analysis-stroke-profile-worksheet - Read online for free. transactional-analysis-stroke-profile-worksheet An ego state is a way in which we think, feel and behave, making up our personality at a given time. These states are thinking and feeling as a: Parent. Adult. Child. One of the most prominent aspects of the personality theory of Transactional Analysis (Berne, 1961) is the ego state concept. Eric Berne suggested that an ‘ego state’ (1961, p ...This article discusses transactional analysis (TA) theories and their effectiveness in understanding terminally ill patients psychologically and tools offered to medical staffs to provide patients with appropriate care. First, the use of egogram and ‘life-script analysis’ was useful in understanding behavioral patterns in terminally ill ...Abstract. The Winner's Triangle, a useful and easily taught antithesis to the Karpman Drama Triangle (Karpman, 1968), eliminates the discounts inherent in the three roles of the Drama Triangle and replaces each with a specific skill for game-free relating. This article details features of the roles of both triangles and provides suggestions for ... TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE There is no time limit to this questionnaire. It will probably take around ten minutes to complete. The more spontaneous and honest you can be, the more accurate the results probably will be. If you agree more than you disagree with a statement, mark a plus (+) in the box.TA is most effective for understanding: 1) transactions with people you’re close to, not colleagues or acquaintances and 2) transactions about sensitive, important topics such as sex, money ...56 Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis Land. The Land account shows the cost of the land Apple uses in its operations. Buildings. The costs of Apple’s office building, manufacturing plant, and the like appear in the Buildings account. Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures.Apple has a separate asset account for LEVEL 1 – for the application of Transactional Analysis: Certified Transactional Analysis accredited by I.T.A./E.A.T.A Certified Transactional Analysts may be accredited in any of the four fields of specialisation – Clinical, Organisational, Educational and Counselling. LEVEL 2 – for teaching and training others in Transactional Analysis: What is Transactional Analysis ? TA is a theory about how and why people behave the way they do A method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding … and changing human behavior 4 TransactionalTransactional Analysis Analysis (TA)(TA) combinesLEVEL 1 – for the application of Transactional Analysis: Certified Transactional Analysis accredited by I.T.A./E.A.T.A Certified Transactional Analysts may be accredited in any of the four fields of specialisation – Clinical, Organisational, Educational and Counselling. LEVEL 2 – for teaching and training others in Transactional Analysis:1. Structural Analysis – study of ego states 2. Transactions – Interactions between people 3. Life positions – Self confidence and confidence in others 4. Strokes – recognition of another‟s presence 5. Stamps – the study of collection of feelings 6. Time structuring – ways of spending time 7. Script analysis – study of life plan.What is Transactional Analysis ? TA is a theory about how and why people behave the way they do A method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding … and changing human behavior 4 TransactionalTransactional Analysis Analysis (TA)(TA) combines P C A P C A Transactional Analysis Freud, Penfield, & Berne Eric Berne Transactional Analysis social intercourse Transactional Stimulus Transactional Response Ego states - Parent, Adult, Child Four Life Positions Time Structuring The Goal is Autonomy Release or recovery of: Awareness Spontaneity Intimacy P C A P C A P C A P C A Transactional ... The major proponent of Transaction Analysis, Eric Berne, was born on May 10, 1910 in Montreal Canada as Eric Leonard Bernstein, he son of Dr David Bernestein a general practitioner. His only ...The ESQ-R is a 40-item experimenter-constructed instrument that measures the strength of the five functional ego states and consists of the 40 items retained from a factor analysis of 60 items ...Aug 7, 2023 · Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s. Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people. During a conversation with someone, the person starting the communication will give the ‘transaction stimulus,’ and then the person receiving this stimulus ... Module 9 - Drama Triangle 8. A colleague always seems to know best. A You ask him what he wants to achieve with his behavior. B You disagree and prove him wrong in every detail. Transactional analysis, developed by psychiatrist Eric Berne, is a form of modern psychology that examines a person's relationships and interactions. Berne took inspiration from Sigmund Freud's ...Life Positions. The scripts we form in our childhood then lead us to adopt one of four positions: I’m OK – You’re OK. I’m OK – You’re Not OK. I’m not OK – You’re OK. I’m not OK – You’re not OK. The first position, I’m OK – You’re OK, tends to be the healthiest because people have a secure sense of self, display ...Transactional Analysis is a theory developed by Dr. Eric Berne in the 1950s. Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne wanted a theory which could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop what came to be called Transactional Analysis (TA). Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication.Displaying all worksheets related to - Ego States. Worksheets are Work 1 ego states, E go s tate t h e r ap y wor k s h e e tve rs i o n 2, Pac model ego states questionnaire, Transactional analysis theory the basics, Emdr as a special form of ego state psychotherapy part one, An introduction to ego state therapy, Easy ego state interventions, What is ego state therapy gordon emmerson australia. Feb 28, 2018 · TA is most effective for understanding: 1) transactions with people you’re close to, not colleagues or acquaintances and 2) transactions about sensitive, important topics such as sex, money ... Behind each and every transaction…show more content…. This could be considered that the events are imposed towards the child. Examples of these recordings are: • Say “please” or “thank you”. • Don’t talk when your mouth is full. • Don’t play with matches.Transactional analysis (TA) is a widely recognised form of modern psychology, and one of the most accessible theories of psychology at that. In simple terms, TA is designed to promote personal growth and change. It is considered a fundamental therapy for well-being and for helping individuals to reach their full potential in all aspects of life.Module 9 - Drama Triangle 8. A colleague always seems to know best. A You ask him what he wants to achieve with his behavior. B You disagree and prove him wrong in every detail. Often, these situations can be influenced by the childhood experiences that shape our life positions. 1. Life positions are facets of transactional analysis, a form of psychoanalysis that studies social interactions and how we can improve them. 2 Transactional analysis is grounded in our ego states, which are ways that we think, feel, and behave. Transactional Analysis Theory: the Basics Carol Solomon, Ph.D. Abstract This article is written to acquaint readers with basic transactional analysis theory and to provide a beginning understanding about how these concepts can be used in real life.Self-Analysis How do you define happiness in life for yourself? Check how you perceive the quality of your relationships to people that you are important to you. 1Please enter your name. (optional) First name: Last name . Tools Ego states are one of the most useful tools I use in psychotherapy. My clients find this information and the tools learned from this invaluable. Not only can... The ESQ-R is a 40-item experimenter-constructed instrument that measures the strength of the five functional ego states and consists of the 40 items retained from a factor analysis of 60 items ...The Parent-Adult-Child model: the basics. Based on his observations of people in his own clinical practice in the nineteen fifties, the psychologist Eric Berne developed the idea that people can switch between different states of mind—sometimes in the same conversation and certainly in different parts of their lives, for example at work and ...www.psihoterapieat.roEgo States Transactional Analysis or TA, is a very simple, easily comprehensible method of understanding human behaviour. It is based on the analysis of transactions between persons. A transaction is defined as an exchange between two people. The exchange is of thoughts and of feelings, expressed verbally in words or conveyed non-verbally in ... Worksheet 2: The Egogram Follow your intuition for filling out this chart. 1. Draw a pillar for the ego-state that you spend the most time in. 2. Draw a pillar for the ego-state that you spend the least time in. The relation between the pillar you spend most time and least time in shall represent your intuitive impression of how muchTransactional Analysis. Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Transactional Analysis. Some of the worksheets displayed are P parent a adult c child, Transactional analysis by gerald corey, A summary of transactional analysis concepts i use, Transactional analysis, Teaching suggestions, The new drama triangles, Treatment of anxiety within a ...Transactional analysis is basically a description of what people do and say themselves and to each other. Whatever happens between people involves a transaction between their ego states; when messages are sent, a response is expected. There are three types. Corey TPCP(8e) / WebTutor / Transactional Analysis25. In the field of Transactional Analysis previous efforts to identify ego states were based on written instruments or audio recordings of se lected phrases (Price, 1975; and Thompson, 1974). The current investiga tion represented an attempt to assess ego states from videotape incorporEgo States Transactional Analysis or TA, is a very simple, easily comprehensible method of understanding human behaviour. It is based on the analysis of transactions between persons. A transaction is defined as an exchange between two people. The exchange is of thoughts and of feelings, expressed verbally in words or conveyed non-verbally in ...What is Transactional Analysis ? TA is a theory about how and why people behave the way they do A method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding … and changing human behavior 4 TransactionalTransactional Analysis Analysis (TA)(TA) combinesAug 7, 2023 · Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s. Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people. During a conversation with someone, the person starting the communication will give the ‘transaction stimulus,’ and then the person receiving this stimulus ... During the 1950s, psychiatrist Eric Berne developed the transactional analysis method to examine this communication process between people, taking feelings, thoughts, and behaviors into account ...P C A P C A Transactional Analysis Freud, Penfield, & Berne Eric Berne Transactional Analysis social intercourse Transactional Stimulus Transactional Response Ego states - Parent, Adult, Child Four Life Positions Time Structuring The Goal is Autonomy Release or recovery of: Awareness Spontaneity Intimacy P C A P C A P C A P C A Transactional ...
in July 1970, he lives on in the excitement of the new frontiers of his creation “Transactional Analysis.” To Barbara Rosenfeld, M.D., I owe the pleasure and satisfaction of being introduced to Eric Berne and transactional analysis. Dr. Rosenfeld’s capacity for perceptive, matter-of-fact . Buy a brick single family house in massachusetts
INTERVENTIONS STIP-TA Transactional analysis (TA) is a theory of personality development, intrapsychic functioning, and interpersonal behavior developed by Eric Berne in the 1950s (Berne, 1996 ...What is Transactional Analysis ? TA is a theory about how and why people behave the way they do A method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding … and changing human behavior 4 TransactionalTransactional Analysis Analysis (TA)(TA) combinesthat transactional analysis is first and foremost about the development of effective interpersonal skills. Groupwork Transactional analysis therapy usually takes place in a group setting. Berne believed that many problems could be addressed more readily in groups, since such a format lends itself to the identification and analysisDisplaying all worksheets related to - Ego States. Worksheets are Work 1 ego states, E go s tate t h e r ap y wor k s h e e tve rs i o n 2, Pac model ego states questionnaire, Transactional analysis theory the basics, Emdr as a special form of ego state psychotherapy part one, An introduction to ego state therapy, Easy ego state interventions, What is ego state therapy gordon emmerson australia.Print Worksheet. 1. Which of the following represents the accounting equation? Liabilities = assets + owner's equity. Owner's equity = liabilities / assets. Owner's equity = liabilities x assets ...Please enter your name. (optional) First name: Last name . ToolsA. Self-portrayal of the candidate and his or her work as a transactional analyst. B. A report on the learning experience and personal development gained during TA training. C. The client case or project study. D. Theory and literature. The candidate is required to answer six questions on TA theo-ry and practice.Starting a new relationship can trigger feelings around early bonding and attachment. Inner conflicts to do with dependence versus independence will likely resurface, causing anxiety about the future of their relationship. The divorce of his parents at age 13, followed by years in boarding school would have invariably shaken his world.Starting a new relationship can trigger feelings around early bonding and attachment. Inner conflicts to do with dependence versus independence will likely resurface, causing anxiety about the future of their relationship. The divorce of his parents at age 13, followed by years in boarding school would have invariably shaken his world.Transactional Analysis (TA) refers to the theory of psychoanalysis and therapy in which social transactions are analysed to determine the ego state of the communicator (be it a parent, child, or adult) and create an understanding of behaviour. A transactional analyst teaches the communicator to alter the ego state to solve emotional problems.56 Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis Land. The Land account shows the cost of the land Apple uses in its operations. Buildings. The costs of Apple’s office building, manufacturing plant, and the like appear in the Buildings account. Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures.Apple has a separate asset account forThe Transaction Analysis Sheet • As transactions occur, the balances of some or all of the accounts in the Balance Sheet can be affected. • A transaction analysis sheet should be used when studying and recording changes in a business’s financial position. This sheet is built in the same way as the fundamental accounting equation. .